<com:TContent ID="body" >

<h1>Internationalization (I18N) and Localization (L10N)</h1>
<p>Many web application built with PHP will not have internationalization in mind when it was first written. It may be that it was not intended for use in languages and cultures. Internationalization is an important aspect due to the increase adoption of the Internet in many non-English speaking countries. The process of internationalization and localization will contain difficulties. Below are some general guidelines to internationalize an existing application.</p>

<h2>Separate culture/locale sensitive data</h2>

<p>Identify and separate data that varies with culture. The most obvious are text/string/message. Other type of data should also be considered. The following list categorize some examples of culture sensitive data
</p>

<ul>
    <li> Strings, Messages, Text, in relatively small units (e.g. phrases, sentences, paragraphs, but not the full text of a book).</li>
    <li> Labels on buttons.</li>
    <li> Help files, large units of text, static text.</li>
    <li> Sounds.</li>
    <li> Colors.</li>
    <li> Graphics,Icons.</li>
    <li> Dates, Times.</li>
    <li> Numbers, Currency, Measurements.</li>
    <li> Phone numbers.</li>
    <li> Honorifics and personal titles.</li>
    <li> Postal address.</li>
    <li> Page layout.</li>
</ul>

<p>If possible all manner of text should be isolated and store in a persistence format. These text include, application error messages, hard coded strings in PHP files, emails, static HTML text, and text on form elements (e.g. buttons).</p>

<h2>Configuration</h2>
<p>To enable the localization features in Prado, you need to add a few configuration options in your <a href="?page=Configurations.AppConfig">application configuration</a>.
First you need to include the <tt>System.I18N.*</tt> namespace to your paths.
</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source">
<paths>
    <using namespace="System.I18N.*" />
</paths>
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>Then, if you wish to translate some text in your application, you need to add one translation message data source.</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source">
<module id="globalization" class="TGlobalization">
    <translation type="XLIFF"
        source="MyApp.messages"
        autosave="true" cache="true" />
</module>
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>Where <tt>source</tt> in <tt>translation</tt> is the dot path to a directory
where you are going to store your translate message catalogue. The <tt>autosave</tt>
attribute if enabled, saves untranslated messages back into the message catalogue.
With <tt>cache</tt> enabled, translated messages are saved in the application <tt>runtime/i18n</tt> directory.
</p>

<p>With the configuration complete, we can now start to localize your application. If you have <tt>autosave</tt> enabled, after running your application with some localization activity (i.e. translating some text), you will see a directory and a <tt>messages.xml</tt> created within your <tt>source</tt> directory.</p>

<h2>What to do with <tt>messages.xml</tt>?</h2>
<p>The translation message catalogue file, if using <tt>type="XLIFF"</tt>, is a standardized translation message interchange XML format. You can edit the XML file using any UTF-8 aware editor. The format of the XML is something like the following.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source">
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xliff version="1.0">
    <file original="I18N Example IndexPage"
          source-language="EN"
          datatype="plaintext"
          date="2005-01-24T11:07:53Z">
        <body>

<trans-unit id="1">
<source>Hello world.</source>
<target>Hi World!!!</target>
</trans-unit>

        </body>
    </file>
</xliff>
</com:TTextHighlighter>

Each translation message is wrapped within a <tt>trans-unit</tt> tag, where <tt>source</tt> is the original message, and <tt>target</tt> is the translated message. Editors such as <a href="http://www.heartsome.net/EN/xlfedit.html">Heartsome XLIFF Translation Editor</a> can help in editing these XML files.


<h2>Setting and Changing Culture</h2>
<p>Once globalization is enabled, you can access the globalization settings, such as, <tt>Culture</tt>, <tt>Charset</tt>, etc, using </p>
<com:TTextHighlighter CssClass="source">
$globalization = $this->getApplication()->getGlobalization();
echo $globalization->Culture;
$globalization->Charset= "GB-2312"; //change the charset
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>You also change the way the culture is determined by changing the <tt>class</tt> attribute in the module configuration. For example, to set the culture that depends on the browser settings, you can use the <tt>TGlobalizationAutoDetect</tt> class.
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="xml" CssClass="source">
<module id="globalization" class="TGlobalizationAutoDetect">
   ...
</module>
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>You may also provide your own globalization class to change how the application culture is set.
Lastly, you can change the globalization settings on page by page basis using <a href="?page=Configurations.Templates1#tct">template control tags</a>. For example, changing the <tt>Culture</tt> to "zh".</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;%@ Application.Globalization.Culture="zh" %&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<h2>Localizing your Prado application</h2>
There are two areas in your application that may need message or string localization, in PHP code and in the templates. To localize strings within PHP, use the <tt>localize</tt> function detailed below. To localize text in the template, use the <a href="#ttranslate">TTranslate</a> component.
<h2>Using <tt>localize</tt> function to translate text within PHP</h2>

<p>The <tt>localize</tt> function searches for a translated string that matches original from your translation source. First, you need to locate all the hard coded text in PHP that are displayed or sent to the end user. The following example localizes the text of the <tt>$sender</tt> (assuming, say, the sender is a button). The original code before localization is as follows.
<com:TTextHighlighter CssClass="source">
function clickMe($sender,$param)
{
  $sender->Text="Hello, world!";
}
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>The hard coded message "Hello, world!" is to be localized using the <tt>localize</tt> function. </p>
<com:TTextHighlighter CssClass="source">
function clickMe($sender,$param)
{
  $sender->Text=Prado::localize("Hello, world!");
}
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<h2>Compound Messages</h2>

<p>Compound messages can contain variable data. For example, in the message "There are 12 users online.", the integer 12 may change depending on some data in your application. This is difficult to translate because the position of the variable data may be difference for different languages. In addition, different languages have their own rules for plurals (if any) and/or quantifiers. The following example can not be easily translated, because the sentence structure is fixed by hard coding the variable data within message.</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter CssClass="source">
$num_users = 12;
$message = "There are " . $num_users . " users online.";
</com:TTextHighlighter>

This problem can be solved using the <tt>localize</tt> function with string substitution. For example, the <tt>$message</tt> string above can be constructed as follows.
<com:TTextHighlighter CssClass="source">
$num_users = 12;
$message = Prado::localize("There are {num_users} users online.", array('num_users'=>$num_users));
</com:TTextHighlighter>
<p>Where the second parameter in <tt>localize</tt> takes an associative array with the key as the substitution to find in the text and replaced it with the associated value.
The <tt>localize</tt> function does not solve the problem of localizing languages that have plural forms, the solution is to use <a href="#choice-format">TChoiceFormat</a>.</p>

<p>The following sample demonstrates the basics of localization in Prado.</p>
<com:RunBar PagePath="Advanced.Samples.I18N.Home" />

<h1>I18N Components</h1>
<a name="ttranslate"></a>
<h2>TTranslate</h2>
<p>Messages and strings can be localized in PHP or in templates.
To translate a message or string in the template, use <tt>TTranslate</tt>.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TTranslate&gt;Hello World&lt;/com:TTranslate&gt;
&lt;com:TTranslate Text="Goodbye" /&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p><tt>TTranslate</tt> can also perform string substitution. Any attributes of <tt>TTranslate</tt> will be substituted with <tt>{attribute name}</tt> in the translation. E.g.</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TTranslate time="late"&gt;
The time is {time}.
&lt;/com:TTranslate&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>A short for <tt>TTranslate</tt> is also provided using the following syntax.</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;%[string]%&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>
<p>where string will be translated to different languages according to the end-user's language preference. This syntax can be used with attribute values as well.</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TLabel Text="&lt;%[ Hello World! ]%&gt;" /&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<h2>TDateFormat</h2>
<p>Formatting localized date and time is straight forward.</p>
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TDateFormat Value="12/01/2005" /&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>The <tt>Pattern</tt> property accepts 4 predefined localized date patterns and 4 predefined localized time patterns.
<ul>
	<li><tt>fulldate</tt></li>
	<li><tt>longdate</tt></li>
	<li><tt>mediumdate</tt></li>
	<li><tt>shortdate</tt></li>
	<li><tt>fulltime</tt></li>
	<li><tt>longtime</tt></li>
	<li><tt>mediumtime</tt></li>
	<li><tt>shorttime</tt></li>
</ul>
The predefined can be used in any combination. If using a combined predefined pattern, 
the first pattern must be the date, followed by a space, and lastly the time pattern. 
For example, full date pattern with short time pattern. The actual ordering of the 
date-time and the actual pattern will be determine automatically from locale data specified 
by the <tt>Culture</tt> property.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TDateFormat Pattern="fulldate shorttime" /&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>You can also specify a custom pattern using the following sub-patterns. 
The date/time format is specified by means of a string time pattern. In this pattern, all ASCII letters are reserved as pattern letters, which are defined as the following:
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="text" CssClass="source">
 Symbol   Meaning                 Presentation        Example
 ------   -------                 ------------        -------
 G        era designator          (Text)              AD
 y        year                    (Number)            1996
 M        month in year           (Text &amp; Number)     July &amp; 07
 d        day in month            (Number)            10
 h        hour in am/pm (1~12)    (Number)            12
 H        hour in day (0~23)      (Number)            0
 m        minute in hour          (Number)            30
 s        second in minute        (Number)            55
 E        day of week             (Text)              Tuesday
 D        day in year             (Number)            189
 F        day of week in month    (Number)            2 (2nd Wed in July)
 w        week in year            (Number)            27
 W        week in month           (Number)            2
 a        am/pm marker            (Text)              PM
 k        hour in day (1~24)      (Number)            24
 K        hour in am/pm (0~11)    (Number)            0
 z        time zone               (Time)              Pacific Standard Time
 '        escape for text         (Delimiter)         'Date='
 ''       single quote            (Literal)           'o''clock'
</com:TTextHighlighter>
</p>

<p>The count of pattern letters determine the format.</p>

<p>(Text): 4 letters uses full form, less than 4, use short or abbreviated form 
if it exists. (e.g., "EEEE" produces "Monday", "EEE" produces "Mon")</p>

<p>(Number): the minimum number of digits. Shorter numbers are zero-padded
 to this amount (e.g. if "m" produces "6", "mm" produces "06"). Year is 
 handled specially; that is, if the count of 'y' is 2, the Year will be 
 truncated to 2 digits. (e.g., if "yyyy" produces "1997", "yy" produces "97".) 
 Unlike other fields, fractional seconds are padded on the right with zero.</p>

<p>(Text and Number): 3 or over, use text, otherwise use number. (e.g., 
"M" produces "1", "MM" produces "01", "MMM" produces "Jan", and "MMMM" 
produces "January".)</p>

<p>Any characters in the pattern that are not in the ranges of ['a'..'z'] 
and ['A'..'Z'] will be treated as quoted text. For instance, characters 
like ':', '.', ' ', and '@' will appear in the resulting time text 
even they are not embraced within single quotes.</p>

<p>Examples using the US locale:

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="text" CssClass="source">
Format Pattern                         Result
--------------                         -------
"yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' HH:mm:ss"      -&gt;&gt;  1996.07.10 AD at 15:08:56
"EEE, MMM d, ''yy"                -&gt;&gt;  Wed, Jul 10, '96
"h:mm a"                          -&gt;&gt;  12:08 PM
"hh 'o''clock' a, z"              -&gt;&gt;  12 o'clock PM, Pacific Daylight Time
"K:mm a"                          -&gt;&gt;  0:00 PM
"yyyy.MMMM.dd G hh:mm a"          -&gt;&gt;  1996.July.10 AD 12:08 PM
</com:TTextHighlighter>
</p>

<p>If the <tt>Value</tt> property is not specified, the current date and time is used.</p>

<h2>TNumberFormat</h2>
<p>PRADO's Internationalization framework provide localized currency formatting and number formatting. Please note that the <tt>TNumberFormat</tt> component provides formatting only, it does not perform current conversion or exchange.</p>

<p>Numbers can be formatted as currency, percentage, decimal or scientific 
numbers by specifying the <tt>Type</tt> attribute. The valid types are:
<ul>
	<li><tt>currency</tt></li>
	<li><tt>percentage</tt></li>
	<li><tt>decimal</tt></li>
	<li><tt>scientific</tt></li>
</ul>
</p>
 
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TNumberFormat Type="currency" Value="100" /&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p><tt>Culture</tt> and <tt>Currency</tt> properties may be specified to format locale specific numbers. </p>

<p>If someone from US want to see sales figures from a store in
Germany (say using the EURO currency), formatted using the german
 currency, you would need to use the attribute <tt>Culture="de_DE"</tt> to get
the currency right, e.g. 100,00$. The decimal and grouping separator is
then also from the <tt>de_DE</tt> locale. This may lead to some confusion because
people from US uses the "," (comma) as thousand separator. Therefore a <tt>Currency</tt>
attribute is available, so that the output from the following example results in $100.00
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TNumberFormat Type="currency" 
          Culture="en_US" Currency="EUR" Value="100" /&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>
</p>

<p>The <tt>Pattern</tt> property determines the number of digits, thousand grouping 
positions, the number of decimal points and the decimal position. The actual characters that 
are used to represent the decimal points and thousand points are culture specific
and will change automatically according to the <tt>Culture</tt> property. The valid
<tt>Pattern</tt> characters are:
<ul>
	<li><tt># (hash)</tt> - represents the optional digits</li>
	<li><tt>0 (zero)</tt> - represents the mandatory digits, zero left filled</li>
	<li><tt>. (full stop)</tt> - the position of the decimal point (only 1 decimal point is allowed)</li>
	<li><tt>, (comma)</tt> - thousand point separation (up to 2 commas are allowed)</li>
</ul>
For example, consider the <tt>Value="1234567.12345"</tt> and 
with <tt>Culture="en_US"</tt> (which uses "," for thousand point separator and "." for decimal separators).
<com:TTextHighlighter Language="text" CssClass="source">
Pattern                      Output
-------                      ------
##,###.00               -&gt;&gt;  1,234,567.12
##,###.##               -&gt;&gt;  1,234,567.12345
##,##.0000              -&gt;&gt;  1,23,45,67.1235
##,###,##.0             -&gt;&gt;  12,345,67.1
000,000,000.0           -&gt;&gt;  001,234,567.1
</com:TTextHighlighter>
</p>

<h2>TTranslateParameter</h2>
<p>Compound messages, i.e., string substitution, can be accomplished with <tt>TTranslateParameter</tt>.
In the following example, the strings "{greeting}" and "{name}" will be replace
with the values of "Hello" and "World", respectively.The substitution string must be enclose with "{" and "}". The parameters can be further translated by using <tt>TTranslate</tt>.

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TTranslate&gt;
  {greeting} {name}!
  &lt;com:TTranslateParameter Key="name">World&lt;/com:TTranslateParameter&gt;
  &lt;com:TTranslateParameter Key="greeting">Hello&lt;/com:TTranslateParameter&gt;
&lt;/com:TTranslate&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>


<a name="choice-format"></a>
<h2>TChoiceFormat</h2>

<p>Using the <tt>localize</tt> function or <tt>TTranslate</tt> component to translate messages does not inform the translator the cardinality of the data required to determine the correct plural structure to use. It only informs them that there is a variable data, the data could be anything. Thus, the translator will be unable to determine with respect to the substitution data the correct plural, language structure or phrase to use . E.g. in English, to translate the sentence, "There are {number} of apples.", the resulting translation should be different depending on the <tt>number</tt> of apples.</p>

<p>The <tt>TChoiceFormat</tt> component performs message/string choice translation. The following example demonstrated a simple 2 choice message translation.</p>

<com:TTextHighlighter Language="prado" CssClass="source">
&lt;com:TChoiceFormat Value="1"/&gt;[1] One Apple. |[2] Two Apples&lt;/com:TChoiceFormat&gt;
</com:TTextHighlighter>

<p>In the above example, the <tt>Value</tt> "1" (one), thus the translated string
is "One Apple". If the <tt>Value</tt> was "2", then it will show "Two Apples".</p>

<p>The message/string choices are separated by the pipe "|" followed by a set notation of the form.</p>
<ul>
    <li><tt>[1,2]</tt> -- accepts values between 1 and 2, inclusive.</li>
    <li><tt>(1,2)</tt> -- accepts values between 1 and 2, excluding 1 and 2.</li>
    <li><tt>{1,2,3,4}</tt> -- only values defined in the set are accepted.</li>
    <li><tt>[-Inf,0)</tt> -- accepts value greater or equal to negative infinity
                        and strictly less than 0</li>
</ul>

<p>Any non-empty combinations of the delimiters of square and round brackets are acceptable.
The string chosen for display depends on the <tt>Value</tt> property. The <tt>Value</tt> is evaluated for each set until the <tt>Value</tt> is found to belong to a particular set.</p>


</com:TContent>