Projection Queries
Most Datastore queries return whole entities as their results, but often an application is actually interested in only a few of the entity's properties. Projection queries allow you to query the Datastore for just those specific properties of an entity that you actually need, at lower latency and cost than retrieving the entire entity.
Projection queries are similar to SQL queries of the form
SELECT name, email, phone FROM CUSTOMER
You can use all of the filtering and sorting features available for standard entity queries, subject to the
limitations
described below. The query returns abridged results with only the specified properties (
name
,
email
, and
phone
in the example) populated with values; all other properties have no data.
Contents
- Using projection queries in Python
- Grouping
- Limitations on projections
- Projections and multiple-valued properties
- Indexes for projections
Using projection queries in Python
Projection queries are supported by both Query and GqlQuery objects. Both classes require this import:
from google.appengine.ext import db
You specify a projection this way:
proj = db.Query(entity_name, projection=('property_1', 'property_2','property_n'))
proj = db.GqlQuery("SELECT property_1, property_2, property_n FROM entity_name")
You handle the results of these queries just as you would for a standard entity query: for example, by iterating over the results.
The following example queries for the
title
,
read_path
, and
date_written
properties of all
EventLog
entries, sorted in ascending order by
date_written
, and writes each property's value to the application log:
for proj in db.GqlQuery("SELECT title, read_path, date_written" +
"FROM EventLog" +
"ORDER BY date_written ASC"):
logging.info(proj.title)
logging.info(proj.read_path)
logging.info(proj.date_written)
Grouping (experimental)
Projection queries can use the
distinct
keyword to ensure that only completely unique results will be returned in a result set. This will only return the first result for entities which have the same values for the
properties that are being projected.
query = db.Query(projection=['A', 'B'], distinct=True).filter('B >', 1).order('-B, A')
Limitations on projections
Projection queries are subject to the following limitations:
-
Only indexed properties can be projected.
Projection is not supported for long text strings (
Text
), long byte strings (Blob
), and other properties explicitly marked as unindexed. -
The same property cannot be projected more than once.
-
Properties referenced in an equality (
=
) or membership (IN
) filter cannot be projected.For example,
SELECT A FROM kind WHERE B = 1
is valid (projected property not used in the equality filter), as is
SELECT A FROM kind WHERE A > 1
(not an equality filter), but
SELECT A FROM kind WHERE A = 1
(projected property used in equality filter) is not.
-
Results returned by a projection query cannot be saved back to the Datastore.
Because the query returns results that are only partially populated, you cannot write them back to the Datastore.
Projections and multiple-valued properties
Projecting a property with multiple values will not populate all values for that property. Instead, a separate entity will be returned for each unique combination of projected values matching the query. For example, suppose you have an entity of kind
Foo
with two multiple-valued properties,
A
and
B
:
entity = Foo(A=[1, 1, 2, 3], B=['x', 'y', 'x'])
Then the projection query
SELECT A, B FROM Foo WHERE A < 3
will return four entities with the following combinations of values:
A
=
1
,
B
=
'x'
A
=
1
,
B
=
'y'
A
=
2
,
B
=
'x'
A
=
2
,
B
=
'y'
Indexes for projections
Projection queries require all properties specified in the projection to be included in a Datastore
index
. The App Engine development server automatically generates the needed indexes for you in the index configuration file,
index.yaml
, which is uploaded with your application.
One way to minimize the number of indexes required is to project the same properties consistently, even when not all of them are always needed. For example, these queries require two separate indexes:
SELECT A, B FROM Kind
SELECT A, B, C FROM Kind
However, if you always project properties
A
,
B
, and
C
, even when
C
is not required, only one index will be needed.
Converting an existing query into a projection query may require building a new index if the properties in the projection are not already included in another part of the query. For example, suppose you had an existing query like
SELECT * FROM Kind WHERE A > 1 ORDER BY A, B
which requires the index
Index(Kind, A, B)
Converting this to either of the projection queries
SELECT C FROM Kind WHERE A > 1 ORDER BY A, B
SELECT A, B, C FROM Kind WHERE A > 1 ORDER BY A, B
introduces a new property (
C
) and thus will require building a new index
Index(Kind,
A,
B,
C)
. Note that the projection query
SELECT A, B FROM Kind WHERE A > 1 ORDER BY A, B
would
not
change the required index, since the projected properties
A
and
B
were already included in the existing query.